Germany’s celebrated and controversial Nobel Prize-winning author Günter Grass has died aged 87.
His 1959 debut novel ‘The Tin Drum’ established Mr Grass’s reputation as one of West Germany’s leading public intellectuals and pacifist voices.
But his reputation as a writer - and as a moral authority - suffered in later years after he admitted volunteering for the Waffen-SS.
Grass was born in 1927 in what was then the free city of Danzig, today Gdansk, in Poland, where his parents ran a shop.
A biographer later described his Catholic upbringing in Danzig, a hotbed of Nazi agitation, as trapped “between the Holy Spirit and Hitler”.
As a 17 year-old in 1944 he served first as a flak helper then in the Waffen-SS. He was injured and held as a prisoner-of-war until 1946 in Bavaria. He moved to Düsseldorf to study art and played in a jazz band until 1952.
He remained an active painter throughout his life but, after moving to Paris in 1956, his visual art was eclipsed three years later with ‘The Tin Drum’.
Filmed in 1980 by Volker Schlöndorff, it was the first part of his ‘Danzig Trilogy’, which attracted a huge following - and no share of controversy - for his energetic language and provocative anti-war message.
As well as political novels, he wrote poetry and plays and published collections of essays. From 1965 on became a regular voice in West Germany’s political scene as a staunch electoral supporter of Willy Brandt and his Social Democratic Party (SPD).
After decades of success, his latter years were an unhappy professional time for Grass.
Novels in the 1990s were given vicious reviews and many never understood, nor forgave, his warning against a “rushed” German unification.
His final controversial novel, 1999’s ‘Crabwalk’, looked at the 1945 sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff liner with 10,000 passengers - mostly German civilians - onboard.
Many welcomed his breaking of the taboo of discussing German victims of the second World War but his reputation took a serious blow in his 2006 autobiography, ‘Peeling the Onion’.
Here he admitted for the first time that he had covered up part of his war record: his service in the 10th tank division of the Waffen SS in Dresden. He said he had seen no atrocities and had signed simply up to get away from home.
“My silence over the years is the reason I wrote this book, it had to come out, finally,” he wrote.
While he attracted some praise, his critics pounced on the belated revelation as proof that the man who devoted his life to “writing against forgetting” was a hypocrite.
He divided German opinion one last time in the April 2012 poem ‘What Needs To Be Said’.
Published simultaneously in three European newspapers, Grass accused Israel of endangering world peace with its threat of a nuclear attack “that could erase the Iranian people”.
Israel's ambassador to Germany accused him of having a "disturbed relationship" to the country.
His final book, published in 2010, was ‘Grimm’s Words: A Love Letter’ and in January 2014 he announced he would write no more novels.
In 1954 he married the Swiss dancer Anna Margareta Schwarz with whom he had three sons and a daughter.
They divorced in 1978 and Grass had two daughters with two different women. In 1979 he married organist Ute Grunert and they lived near the northern city of Lübeck, where Grass died on Monday morning from an infection.
Announcing his death, his publisher Steidl published his last wishes on their website: “I want to be buried with a sack of nuts and my newest teeth. If there’s a tumult where I lie then one can gather: it’s him, still him.”
