Areas of Nepal remain perilously unstable following last month's devastating earthquake, and, as Tuesday's tremor showed, landslides pose an ongoing menace that will only increase when seasonal monsoon rains begin to fall in the coming weeks.
The earthquake has killed at least 66 people so far, including 17 in neighbouring India and one in Tibet.
It spread panic in Nepal, bringing down buildings already weakened by a devastating tremor less than three weeks ago and unleashing landslides in Himalayan valleys near Mount Everest.
Most of the reported fatalities were in villages and towns east of capital Kathmandu that were only just beginning to pick up the pieces after the April 25th quake that left more than 8,000 people dead.
Geologists are rushing to identify the valleys, villages and towns most at risk from rock and mud falls, but resources are stretched as the country recovers.
Diwakar Koirala, deputy administrator in Sindhupalchowk district, which reported the most deaths in last month's disaster, said Tuesday's quake caused three more big landslides.
The risk of more prevented the authorities from heading to affected villages to help.
Beyond the immediate emergency, some families will have to move to safer areas, a slow, costly process which Nepal can ill afford.
"There are some areas where it is very difficult to stay on a long-term basis, so we are looking at resettlement," said Iman Gurung, a home ministry adviser, declining to specify which areas.
“We hope it’s not a big number,” Gurung said. “These villages have thousands of years of history. But we don’t want to put their lives at risk.”
“Not Safe”
One of those moving may be Ram Tamang.
During the monsoon last August, he was out on a job driving when a wall of dirt and boulders crashed down a mountain at 2 am onto the village of Jure, burying his wife, three of his children and his mother in their home.
Like many survivors, Tamang left the ruins of the village, and moved to a hamlet down the road. After last month’s earthquake sent rocks spilling down the mountain once again, he wonders where to go.
“It’s not safe here,” the 42-year-old said last week, before Tuesday’s tremor. “Last night, it was raining hard the whole night and I couldn’t sleep. I’m always worried another landslide will come.”
Among the areas worrying scientists most are those where landslides have fallen into rivers, potentially flooding nearby communities once the monsoon starts in earnest, probably in early June, scientists said.
In a report to the government last week, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) in Kathmandu identified six critical landslides that blocked rivers after the April 25th earthquake. Five are in Nepal and one in Tibet.
"This can easily happen in the mountains," David Molden, ICIMOD's director general, told Reuters. "Now we have several of them all at the same time, which is quite a big deal. Hopefully, the water will find its way through."
The water did not find its way through in Jure last year. After the landslide that killed most of Tamang’s family blocked the Sun Koshi River at the bottom of the mountain, a large lake formed that submerged village homes.
After the April earthquake, scientists at ICIMOD started to monitor landslides using satellite images sent from agencies in Japan, the United States, China and India.
The group will keep watch on the six danger spots, including one in Langtang, where hundreds of people died in a huge landslide triggered by the quake.
In addition to thinking about whether, and where, to move people, officials said they were rushing to excavate blocked roads and deliver extra food to far-flung communities that will soon be cut off by the rains.
Calculated Risk
People living in Nepal’s mountains have long accepted the risk of landslides and floods.
Even before the latest earthquakes, those were on the rise as shifting weather patterns increased the chances of flooding from melting glaciers, more intense monsoon rains and the bursting of glacial lakes when their banks collapsed.
Retreating glaciers can also leave unsupported debris, increasing the risk of landslides, said Jeffrey S. Kargel, a researcher at the department of hydrology and water resources at the University of Arizona.
“These materials are highly unstable, and it doesn’t take much to knock them down and make a debris avalanche or landslide,” said Kargel.
Despite years of preparation for the next big earthquake, the government has been slow to map landslide-prone areas, said Bishal Nath Upreti, a retired geology professor and chairman of the Disaster Preparedness Network Nepal.
“It’s very hard to convince the government. They didn’t think it was so important,” Upreti said. “It’s urgent to start now.”
Even if danger areas are identified, people may not be able to move.
In Jure, several survivors, including Tamang, want to leave but don’t know where to go. They said the local government promised last year to help them relocate, but many still live under tarpaulins upon the landslide that destroyed their homes.
"Last year it was just one spot, now it's the entire country," said Bhim Bahadur Tamang, 40, who lost 11 family members in the landslide and one in last month's earthquake.
“How are they going to (move us)?” he asked. “We don’t expect anything.”